辛开苦降法治疗慢性肾小球肾炎初探

辛开苦降法为中医临床常用治法。本文通过探析辛开苦降法的源流和内涵,总结辛开苦降法在慢性肾小球肾炎治疗中的临床应用。辛开苦降法以苦辛之药配伍应用,具有燮理阴阳、平调寒热、调运气机、清利湿热、清化瘀热之功。慢性肾小球肾炎以本虚标实、虚实夹杂为病机特点,以机体阴阳失衡、肺脾肾三脏亏虚为本,以气机不调与湿热、瘀血阻滞为标。辛开苦降法可调补肺脾肾三脏之虚平燮阴阳,又可调运气机以清湿热、化瘀热,颇合慢性肾小球肾炎的病机特点。辛开苦降法在慢性肾脏病中的应用,为慢性肾小球肾炎的临床治疗提供了新的思路与方法,最后附典型病案1则加以说明。     

Symptom improvement in dry eye subjects following intranasal tear neurostimulation: Results of two studies utilizing a controlled adverse environment

PurposeTo evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the intranasal tear neurostimulator (ITN) in improving dry eye symptoms assessed in a controlled adverse environment (CAE®).MethodsStudy 1: Multicenter, subject-masked, randomized-sequence, crossover design. Single intranasal (active) and extranasal (control) ITN administration during CAE exposure. Study 2: Single-arm, open-label design. Intranasal ITN administration ≥2 times/day for 45 days, CAE assessment at days 0 and 45. In both studies, upon CAE entry, and every 5 min thereafter, subjects assessed eye dryness score (visual analog scale, 0–100 mm; EDS-VAS), and ocular discomfort score (ODS; Ora Calibra™, 0–4), for ≈2 h. Study 1: when ODS was ≥3 at 2 consecutive timepoints, subjects applied ITN intranasally or extranasally for ≈3 min, and again when achieving the same ODS criteria in randomized sequence. Study 2: days 0 and 45, ITN was applied for ≈3 min employing the same ODS criteria as Study 1.ResultsStudy 1: Significantly greater pre- to post-application reductions in mean [SEM] EDS (−16.5 [1.7] vs −3.1 [1.7], P < 0.0001) and ODS (−0.93 [0.08] vs −0.34 [0.08], P < 0.0001; n = 143) with intranasal vs extranasal stimulation. Study 2: On day 0 (n = 52) and day 45 (n = 48), significant pre- to post-application reductions in mean [SEM] EDS (−15.9 [2.7] and −15.2 [2.4]; P < 0.0001), and ODS (−1.3 [0.2] and −1.3 [0.1]; P < 0.0001). Few device-related adverse events were reported, none serious.ConclusionsAcute symptom relief is significant with the ITN and remains undiminished after daily use.     

Invasive breast cancer over four decades reveals persisting poor metastatic outcomes in treatment resistant subgroup – the “ATRESS” phenomenon

BackgroundMajor advances in breast cancer treatment have led to a reducuction in mortality. However, there are still women who are not cured. We hypothesize there is a sub-group of women with treatment-resistant cancers causing early death.MethodsBetween 1975 and 2006, 5392 women with invasive breast cancer underwent surgery at Guy’s Hospital, London. Data on patient demographics, tumour characteristics, treatment regimens, local recurrence, secondary metastasis, and death were prospectively recorded. We considered four time periods (1975–1982, 1983–1990, 1991–1998, 1999–2006). Risks and time to event analysis were performed with Cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan-Meier estimation.ResultsUnadjusted hazard ratios for developing metastasis and overall mortality relative to the 1975–1982 cohort decreased steadily to 0.23 and 0.63, respectively in 1999–2006. However, metastasis-free interval shortened, with the proportion of women developing metastasis ≤5 years increasing from 73.9% to 83.0%. Furthermore, median post-metastatic survival decreased from 1.49 years to 0.94 years. Applying our risk criteria identified the presence of ±200 patients in each cohort who developed metastasis early and died within a much shorter time frame.ConclusionsAdvances in treatment have decreased the risk of metastasis and improved survival in women with invasive breast cancer over the last 40 years. Despite this, a subpopulation with shorter metastasis-free and post-metastatic survival who are unresponsive to available treatment remains. This may be due to the ATRESS phenomenon (adjuvant therapy-related shortening of survival) secondary to preselection inherent in adjuvant therapy, successful treatment of less malignant tumour cells and treatment-induced resistance in the remaining tumour clones.     

肝胆管结石病经皮经肝取石手术应用指南(2021版)

肝胆管结石病是我国常见的胆道疾病,病情复杂,术后结石残留率、复发率高,反复多次手术。在病程晚期可并发终末期胆病,严重影响患者的生活质量。目前经皮经肝取石手术逐渐在临床开展,但存在许多不规范之处,影响推广和普及。本指南对近年来经皮经肝取石手术做了详尽的总结,并提出治疗的推荐意见,旨在规范开展经皮经肝取石手术,为肝胆管结石微创取石提供指导和参考依据。     

Management and outcome of burn injuries during pregnancy: A systematic review and presentation of a comprehensive guideline

Pregnant women are a vulnerable subgroup of burn patients, due to altered physiological state and possible adverse effect on the fetus. The aim of this study was to develop a guideline for a tailored treatment of pregnant patients with burns to optimally treat both mother and fetus. This study consists of two parts: the first part contains a systematic review that presents a comprehensive overview of the literature on the management and outcome of pregnant women who sustain severe burn injuries and based on the results of this review, a guideline on the general, obstetric and burn management was developed and presented in the second part. A total of 35 studies including 1395 patients were included. Although the clinical outcomes seemed to be similar to non-pregnant patients, one study showed that mortality might be higher in the pregnant population. Predictive factors for maternal and fetal mortality were a total burned surface area of over 40% and inhalation injury. Early surgery may lead to a higher chance of survival of mother and fetus. A comprehensive guideline on the general management of pregnant patients with burns, obstetric management and specific burn management is provided. We encourage international burn organizations and guideline committees to use and evaluate the presented guideline.